Inverse trigonometric functions, also known as arc functions, are used to find the angle that corresponds to a given trigonometric value. These functions are the inverses of the six main trigonometric functions: sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant.
Restriction on Trigonometric Functions
A real function in the range ƒ : R ⇒ [-1, 1] defined by ƒ(x) = sin(x) is not a bijection since different images have the same image, such as ƒ(0) = 0, ƒ(2π) = 0,ƒ(π) = 0, so ƒ is not one-one. Since ƒ is not a bijection (because it is not one-to-one), therefore inverse does not exist.
To make a function bijective, we can restrict the domain of the function to [−π/2, π/2] or [−π/2, 3π/2], or [−3π/2, 5π/2]. After the restriction of the domain, ƒ(x) = sin(x) is a bijection; therefore, ƒ is invertible. i.e., to make sin(x) we can restrict it to the domain [−π/2, π/2] is the Principal solution of sin θ, hence to make sin θ invertible.
Naturally, the domain [−π/2, π/2] should be considered if no other domain is mentioned.
- ƒ: [−π/2, π/2]
⇒ [-1, 1] is defined as ƒ(x) = sin(x) and is a bijection, hence inverse exists.
The inverse of sin-1 is also called arcsine, and inverse functions are also called arc functions.
- ƒ:[−π/2 , π/2] ⇒ [−1 , 1] is defined as sinθ = x ⇔ sin-1(x) = θ , θ belongs to [−π/2 , π/2] and x belongs to [−1 , 1].
Similarly, we restrict the domains of cos, tan, cot, sec, and cosec so that they are invertible.
Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Below are some inverse trigonometric functions with their domain and range.
Function | Domain | Range |
|---|---|---|
| sin-1 | [-1, 1 ] | [−π/2 , π/2] |
| cos-1 | [-1, 1 ] | [0, π] |
| tan-1 | R | [−π/2 , π/2] |
| cot-1 | R | [0, π] |
| sec-1 | (-∞ , -1] U [1, ∞) | [0, π] − {π/2} |
| cosec-1 | (-∞ , -1] U [1, ∞) | [−π/2 , π/2] - {0} |
Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Set 1: Properties of sin
1) sin(θ) = x ⇔ sin-1(x) = θ , θ ∈ [ -π/2 , π/2 ], x ∈ [ -1 , 1 ]
2) sin-1(sin(θ)) = θ , θ ∈ [ -π/2 , π/2 ]
3) sin(sin-1(x)) = x , x ∈ [ -1 , 1 ]
Examples:
- sin(π/6) = 1/2 ⇒ sin-1(1/2) = π/6
- sin-1(sin(π/6)) = π/6
- sin(sin-1(1/2)) = 1/2
Set 2: Properties of cos
4) cos(θ) = x ⇔ cos-1(x) = θ , θ ∈ [ 0 , π ] , x ∈ [ -1 , 1 ]
5) cos-1(cos(θ)) = θ , θ ∈ [ 0 , π ]
6) cos(cos-1(x)) = x , x ∈ [ -1 , 1 ]
Examples:
- cos(π/6) = √3/2 ⇒ cos-1(√3/2) = π/6
- cos-1(cos(π/6)) = π/6
- cos(cos-1(1/2)) = 1/2
Set 3: Properties of tan
7) tan(θ) = x ⇔ tan-1(x) = θ , θ ∈ [ -π/2 , π/2 ] , x ∈ R
8) tan-1(tan(θ)) = θ , θ ∈ [ -π/2 , π/2 ]
9) tan(tan-1(x)) = x , x ∈ R
Examples:
- tan(π/4) = 1 ⇒ tan-1(1) = π/4
- tan-1(tan(π/4)) = π/4
- tan(tan-1(1)) = 1
Set 4: Properties of cot
10) cot(θ) = x ⇔ cot-1(x) = θ , θ ∈ [ 0 , π ] , x ∈ R
11) cot-1(cot(θ)) = θ , θ ∈ [ 0 , π ]
12) cot(cot-1(x)) = x , x ∈ R
Examples:
- cot(π/4) = 1 ⇒ cot-1(1) = π/4
- cot(cot-1(π/4)) = π/4
- cot(cot(1)) = 1
Set 5: Properties of sec
13) sec(θ) = x ⇔ sec-1(x) = θ , θ ∈ [ 0 , π] - { π/2 } , x ∈ (-∞,-1] ∪ [1,∞)
14) sec-1(sec(θ)) = θ , θ ∈ [ 0 , π] - { π/2 }
15) sec(sec-1(x)) = x , x ∈ ( -∞ , -1 ] ∪ [ 1 , ∞ )
Examples:
- sec(π/3) = 2 ⇒ sec-1(2) = π/3
- sec-1(sec(π/3)) = π/3
- sec(sec-1(1/2)) = 1/2
Set 6: Properties of cosec
16) cosec(θ) = x ⇔ cosec-1(x) = θ , θ ∈ [ -π/2 , π/2 ] - { 0 } , x ∈ ( -∞ , -1 ] ∪ [ 1,∞ )
17) cosec-1(cosec(θ)) = θ , θ ∈[ -π/2 , π/2 ] - { 0 }
18) cosec(cosec-1(x)) = x , x ∈ ( -∞,-1 ] ∪ [ 1,∞ )
Examples:
- cosec(π/6) = 2 ⇒ cosec-1(2) = π/6
- cosec-1(cosec(π/6)) = π/6
- cosec(cosec-1(2)) = 2
Set 7: Other inverse trigonometric formulas
19) sin-1(-x) = -sin-1(x) , x ∈ [ -1 , 1 ]
20) cos-1(-x) = π - cos-1(x) , x ∈ [ -1 , 1 ]
21) tan-1(-x) = -tan-1(x) , x ∈ R
22) cot-1(-x) = π - cot-1(x) , x ∈ R
23) sec-1(-x) = π - sec-1(x) , x ∈ ( -∞ , -1 ] ∪ [ 1 , ∞ )
24) cosec-1(-x) = -cosec-1(x) , x ∈ ( -∞ , -1 ] ∪ [ 1 , ∞ )
Examples:
- sin-1(-1/2) = -sin-1(1/2)
- cos-1(-1/2) = π -cos-1(1/2)
- tan-1(-1) = -tan-1(1) = -π/4
- cot-1(-1) = -cot-1(1)
- sec-1(-2) = -sec-1
Set 8: Sum of two trigonometric functions
25) sin-1(x) + cos-1(x) = π/2 , x ∈ [ -1 , 1 ]
26) tan-1(x) + cot-1(x) = π/2 , x ∈ R
27) sec-1(x) + cosec-1(x) = π/2 , x ∈ ( -∞ , -1 ] ∪ [ 1 , ∞ )
Proof:
sin-1(x) + cos-1(x) = π/2 , x ∈ [ -1 , 1 ]
let sin-1(x) = y
now,
x = sin y = cos((π/2) − y)
⇒ cos-1(x) = (π/2) – y = (π/2) −sin-1(x)
so, sin-1(x) + cos-1(x) = π/2
tan-1(x) + cot-1(x) = π/2 , x ∈ R
Let tan-1(x) = y
now, cot(π/2 − y) = x
⇒ cot-1(x) = (π/2 − y)
tan-1(x) + cot-1(x) = y + π/2 − y
so, tan-1(x) + cot-1(x) = π/2
Similarly, we can prove the theorem of the sum of arcsec and arccosec as well.
Set 9: Conversion of trigonometric functions
28) sin-1(1/x) = cosec-1(x) , x≥1 or x≤−1
29) cos-1(1/x) = sec-1(x) , x ≥ 1 or x ≤ −1
30) tan-1(1/x) = π/2 - tan-1(x), x > 0
31) tan-1(1/x) = −π/2 - tan-1(x), x < 0
Proof:
sin-1(1/x) = cosec-1(x) , x ≥ 1 or x ≤ −1
let, x = cosec(y)
1/x = sin(y)
⇒ sin-1(1/x) = y
⇒ sin-1(1/x) = cosec-1(x)
Similarly, we can prove the theorem of arccos and arctan as well
Example:
sin-1(1/2) = cosec-1(2)